The revised edition of the test was released in 1989 as the MMPI-2. In response to these issues, the MMPI underwent a revision in the late 1980s. Others argued that the results indicated possible test bias, while some felt the test contained sexist and racist questions. Critics pointed out that the original sample group was inadequate.
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In the years after the test was first published, clinicians and researchers began to question the accuracy of the MMPI. Today, it is a frequently used clinical testing instrument and one of the most researched psychological tests in existence. The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) was developed in the late 1930s by psychologist Starke R. Current research is described and recommendations for 65 future research are provided. Applications of the MMPI-2 in clinical and 64 non-clinical (e.g. The history of several European adaptations of the original MMPI and MMPI-2 is surveyed to 63 illustrate the extensive research base for the test in Europe.
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The problems and 60 limitations of using questionnaire methods were noted and effective strategies for translating, adapting, 61 and standardizing questionnaires in languages and cultures different from their country of origin are 62 reviewed. The most widely used and internationally adapted 58 personality instrument, the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI-2), is highlighted to illus-59 trate the adaptation of psychological tests across the barriers of language and culture. 56 This article examines the cross-national application of psychological tests and examines the generaliz-57 ability of objective psychological assessment instruments.